TRAVISTRA

 LITHIUM-ION BATTERY Lithium-ion batteries are secondary rechargeable batteries.  It has an emf that varies from 3.5-4V depending on electrode potential. Construction The 3 primary components of a lithium-ion battery are: The anode is lithiated graphite (graphite in which lithium ions are inserted in between the layer of carbon atoms. The cathode is a mixed metal oxide like LiCoO2,  LiMnO2 or LiFeO2  The electrolyte is a lithium salt (LiPF6, LiBF4, or LiClO4 ) in an organic solvent. This is rechargeable. This is done by applying a higher voltage than the voltage of the battery, across the electrodes. The lithium-ion moves from anode to cathode during discharging and from cathode to anode while charging. Cell reaction Anode : LixC6  --->   6C + x Li+  + x e- Cathode : Li1-x CoO2 + x Li+  + xe ----->   LiCoO2 Overall cell reaction : LixC6 + Li1-x CoO2  ------->   LiCoO2  +6C Characteristics Depending on the choice of material for the anode, cathode, and electrolyte the voltage

 TECH UPDATES XIAOMI comes with all new Xiaomi 12 and 12pro and will be released on 28th December of 2021 in China and will be released Globally in the 1st semester of 2022 Oneplus  10 and 10pro would be released in January 2022 in China and it will be globally released in March 2022 Oneplus RT was delayed in India, it had been released on October 17th in China. The new release date is 17th January 2022(rumored) Oneplus may release NORD 2 CE in late January in India Oneplus comes with all new buds Z and is prices Rs 5800 Realme GT 2 series may launch on January 4th of 2022  Samsung S21FE will be released on January 3rd with Exynos 2200 with a range of Rs 65,000 iPhone 13 will be made in India it would be in Chennai as a result the price will be reduced  iPhone 13 pro and pro max won't be made in India IQOO comes with a new phone U5 and will be released in January and it will be released in China IOS 16 will come on iPhone 6s, First Generation iPhone SE, and older  iPads   LG comes

 FUEL CELL They are electrochemical cells. It is an energy conversion device or electricity generator. ADVANTAGES Fuel cells are efficient and convert about 75%-83% of available chemical energy to electrical energy. The electrode materials are supplied in the gaseous form. Examples H2 , CO, hydrocarbons, coal gas, producer gas etc. It is light, compact, simple and easy to maintain    Whatever may be the electrode material, CO2 and H2O should be the end products. The concentration of the electrolyte remains invariant. Less green house and noise pollution. They can be stacked and connected in series to generate higher voltage without making any noise. Reduces the thermal pollution from power generation. HYDROGEN-OXYGEN FUEL CELL It is based on the reaction, combustion of H2 in O2 to form water. 2H2 +O2   ------->          2H2O       The cell consist of two electrodes made of porous graphite, impregnated with platinum catalyst. The electrodes are places in aqueous KOH or NaOH solut

 GLASS ELECTRODE It is a secondary reference electrode that produces a constant and reproducible electrode potential. It is an ion-selective electrode used with other reference electrodes to generate a potential difference. Construction It is made up of a special glass of relatively low melting point and high electrical conductivity, in the form of a sealed glass tube filled with 0.1M HCl, a platinum wire is inserted into it, to make electrical contact. The glass electrode is represented as Pt| 0.1M HCl | Glass | H+    The H+ ion concentration inside the electrode is constant. When the electrode is immersed into a solution of unknown H+, it becomes sensitive to the outside concentration in the solution. Such a sensitivity arises because of the difference between the H+ ion concentration inside and outside.       The electrode potential of the glass rod is : EG = EG0 + 0.0591 log [ H+ ]     EG = EG0 - 0.0591 pH  The glass electrode is used as the internal reference electrode for th

CALOMEL ELECTRODE  It is a secondary reference electrode. It consists of a glass tube at the bottom of which is kept, Hg2Cl2, and a solution of KCl. A Pt wire is dipped into the Hg layer used for making electrical contact.  The side tube is used for making electrical contact with the salt bridge. The electrode is represented as Hg| Hg2Cl2| KCl. Electrode reaction is represented as :    2Hg + 2 Cl    ---->       Hg2Cl2 + 2 e- The potential of the electrode depends upon the concentration of KCl solution.  Electrode potential if saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is 0.2422V. Determination of electrode potential (E⁰) using calomel electrode  The electrode whose potential is to be found out is connected with a saturated calomel electrode through a salt bridge internally and the emf of the cell is determined using a potentiometer. 

STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE  The standard hydrogen is an example of a glass electrode, used as a primary reference electrode whose electrode potential is fixed as zero.  CONSTRUCTION OF SHE Hydrogen gas at 1atm pressure is bubbled through a one molar H+ ions as HCl solution at a temperature of 298⁰K. Under these conditions both hydrogen as well as hydrogen ions will be in their standard state and hence the name standard hydrogen electrode.  The platinum wire makes electrical contact and it is surrounded by an outer glass tube that has an inlet for hydrogen gas at the top and a number of holes at the base for the escape of hydrogen gas. It can act as a cathode as well as an anode depending on the potential of the electrode to which it is coupled.  If the potential of the coupled electrode is less than zero (Zn, Mg, Li) reduction takes place in SHE and it acts as the cathode. If the potential of the coupled electrode is greater than zero (Cu, Ag) oxidation takes place in SHE and acts as

 ELECTRODES AND TYPES OF ELECTRODES ELECTRODES  Electrodes are materials which  is  a good conductor of electricity and chemical reaction  TYPES OF ELECTRODES 1. Metal-Metal ion electrode e    In this electrode a metal rod is immersed in its own salt solution      eg: Zn (znso 4 )   2. Metal-metal insoluble salt electrode     In this electrode, metal is coated by insoluble salt  and it is immersed in a solution containing a common   ion    eg: calomel electrode    3. Gas electrode      In this electrode, an inert metal is immersed in a solution containing ions of the gas is continuously bubbled through the solution eg: Standard Hydrogen Electrode 4. Ion-selective electrode        It is a sensor that converts the concentration of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electric potential  eg: Glass Electrode 5. Redox Electrode     In this electrode, an inert metal is immersed in a solution containing  ions of the substance in two oxidation state