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HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

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 HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY It is a method used for the separation, purification, and identification of various nonvolatile high molecular weight organic compounds and natural products like cholesterol, terpenoids. ADVANTAGES High-speed separation Excellent column separation Solvent consumption is minimum Sensitive and accurate Separation can be done at an ambient temperature. PRINCIPLE The components of the mixture are separated depending upon the extent of adsorption and partition on the stationary phase and the rate at which the component is carried by the mobile phase. The mobile phase is liquid and the stationary phase can be solid or liquid. INSTRUMENTATION Solvent reservoirs are used to collect the different solvents. Pressure pump to apply pressure  Sample injector to give the mixture which is to be separated in the analytical column Regulator to adjust the flow rate Guard column to remove the particulate matter and contaminants from the solvent. The analyt...

CATHODIC PROTECTION (CORROSION)

 CATHODIC PROTECTION  It is a method of preventing a metallic object from corrosion. It is an electrochemical process in which the metal which is to be protected is forced to act as a cathode. Corrosion occurs only in the anodic area. Therefore the entire surface of the metal can be turned into a cathode, then corrosion can be prevented. In this case, corrosion is not actually eliminated but moved to a known location by adding an anode, which undergoes slow and controlled corrosion. There are two main methods of applying  cathodic protection: Sacrificial anode protection and Impressed current cathodic protection SACRIFICIAL ANODE PROTECTION In this method, the metallic structure which is to be protected is connected to a more anodic metal through a wire, so the entire corrosion is concentrated on the anodic metal, and the metallic structure is protected sacrificially. Anode metals commonly used for this are Mg, Zn, Al, and its alloys.   They are based on the position...

GLASS ELECTRODE

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 GLASS ELECTRODE It is a secondary reference electrode that produces a constant and reproducible electrode potential. It is an ion-selective electrode used with other reference electrodes to generate a potential difference. Construction It is made up of a special glass of relatively low melting point and high electrical conductivity, in the form of a sealed glass tube filled with 0.1M HCl, a platinum wire is inserted into it, to make electrical contact. The glass electrode is represented as Pt| 0.1M HCl | Glass | H+    The H+ ion concentration inside the electrode is constant. When the electrode is immersed into a solution of unknown H+, it becomes sensitive to the outside concentration in the solution. Such a sensitivity arises because of the difference between the H+ ion concentration inside and outside.       The electrode potential of the glass rod is : EG = EG0 + 0.0591 log [ H+ ]     EG = EG0 - 0.0591 pH  The glass electrode i...

STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE

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STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE  The standard hydrogen is an example of a glass electrode, used as a primary reference electrode whose electrode potential is fixed as zero.  CONSTRUCTION OF SHE Hydrogen gas at 1atm pressure is bubbled through a one molar H+ ions as HCl solution at a temperature of 298⁰K. Under these conditions both hydrogen as well as hydrogen ions will be in their standard state and hence the name standard hydrogen electrode.  The platinum wire makes electrical contact and it is surrounded by an outer glass tube that has an inlet for hydrogen gas at the top and a number of holes at the base for the escape of hydrogen gas. It can act as a cathode as well as an anode depending on the potential of the electrode to which it is coupled.  If the potential of the coupled electrode is less than zero (Zn, Mg, Li) reduction takes place in SHE and it acts as the cathode. If the potential of the coupled electrode is greater than zero (Cu, Ag) oxidation takes place ...

ELECTRODES AND TYPES OF ELECTRODES

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 ELECTRODES AND TYPES OF ELECTRODES ELECTRODES  Electrodes are materials which  is  a good conductor of electricity and chemical reaction  TYPES OF ELECTRODES 1. Metal-Metal ion electrode e    In this electrode a metal rod is immersed in its own salt solution      eg: Zn (znso 4 )   2. Metal-metal insoluble salt electrode     In this electrode, metal is coated by insoluble salt  and it is immersed in a solution containing a common   ion    eg: calomel electrode    3. Gas electrode      In this electrode, an inert metal is immersed in a solution containing ions of the gas is continuously bubbled through the solution eg: Standard Hydrogen Electrode 4. Ion-selective electrode        It is a sensor that converts the concentration of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electric potential  eg: Glass Electrode 5. Redox Electrode  ...

ONEPLUS 9RT RELEASE DATE

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 ONEPLUS 9RT RELEASE DATE OnePlus 9rt is expected to be released on 16th December 2021 in India. It comes with Qualcomm snapdragon 888, it is powered by ANDROID 12 with custom color OS.  It has a display size of 6.62 inches and has a REFRESH RATE of 120Hz, thus it is basically meant for  Gamin g.  IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR A GAMING DEVICE ON ANDROID THIS WOULD BE THE BEST PHONE FOR YOU FOR MORE SPECIFICATIONS AND DETAILS CLICK  BELOW ONEPLUS 9RTSPECIFICATION